Author: KRP

ECDIS standard IMO performance standard

Electronic Chart display and information system.
Digital version of paper Chart.
Interface with GPS/DGPS, Gyro, Radar/ARPA, AIS, speed log.

ECDIS standard
S-57: IHO standard data.
S-52: specifications for chart Data.
S-63: way to protect ENC data.

IMO performance standard
MSC resolution 232(82)
ECDIS should Meet,
S-57: IHO standard data.
S-52: specifications for chart Data.
S-63: way to protect ENC data.
ECDIS should,
Ensure safe and efficient navigation
Display all information
Save full track for entire voyage
Reduce workload
Plot position
Give Alarm

SOLAS requirement
SOLAS chapter V Regulation 19 and 27.
New ship constructed on or after 1st July 2012.

Backup arrangements
Adequate backup arrangements
One master – one backup platform
One platform – paper Chart

ECDIS advantage
Interface with GPS-DGPS, Gyro, Radar-ARPA, AIS, speed log.
Safe and efficient navigation.
Reliable.
Simple operation.
Reduce workload.
Help to execute: passage Planning, route monitoring, position fixing.
Anti collision.
Anti grounding.
Playback mode.
Weather forecasting data.

ECDIS Disadvantage
Input data need to be up to date.
Malfunction of any connected equipment.
Malfunction of ECDIS itself.
Sudden shutdown.
Virus.
Data hacking.
Required constant electrical power.
Required skills.
Over reliance results in dangerous situation.

ECDIS alarms
Safety contour
Safety depth
Cross track error
WP approaching
Special area approaching
Malfunction of any connected equipment
Malfunction of ECDIS itself

Integrated bridge system IBS

Combination of systems which are interconnected.
IBS allow centralized access to information.
Ensure safe and efficient ship management.
Reduce workload.

Integrated Navigation Systems (INS)
Part of a IBS.

IBS Module
3 module. Navigational module, anti collision module, steering module.

IBS including
Passage execution
Communication
Machinery control
Cargo loading discharging
Safety and security

IBS Criteria
IBS allow centralized access to information.
Ensure safe and efficient ship management.
Reduce workload.
Failure of any module should not affect other module.
Equipment user-friendly.
Alarm is provided.

IBS advantage
IBS allow centralized access to information.
Ensure safe and efficient ship management.
Reduce workload.
Failure of any module should not affect other module.
Equipment user-friendly.
Alarm is provided.
Passage execution.
Communication.
Machinery control.
Cargo loading discharging.
Safety and security.

IBS disadvantage
Equipment limitation can affect the system.
Malfunction of any connected equipment.
Power failure.
Over reliance results in dangerous situation.
Required skills.
Unfamiliar to pilot.

IBS limitation
Equipment limitation can affect the system.
Malfunction of any connected equipment.
Power failure.
Over reliance results in dangerous situation.
Required skills.
Unfamiliar to pilot.

How IBS system can be beneficial for the navigation?
IBS allow centralized access to information.
Ensure safe and efficient ship management.
Reduce workload.
Failure of any module should not affect other module.
Equipment user-friendly.
Alarm is provided.
Passage execution.
Communication.
Machinery control.
Cargo loading discharging.
Safety and security.

Category or module of INS
3 module. Navigational module, anti collision module, steering module.

Navigational module
Position fixing
Voyage planning
Gyro and magnetic compass
Manual position fixing
Log book
Up to date chart
Cross track error
UKC
Depth
Special area
Narrow channel
TSS
Contingency anchorage
Record keeping

Anti collision module
Close quarter situation
Collision regulation
Enough sea room
Trial manoeuvre
CPA, TCPA

Steering module
Effect of current
Effect of Wind
Effect of Heavy weather
Large alternation
Auto pilot
Heavy traffic density

Navtex

Automatic reception of maritime safety information MSI.
Narrow-band direct-printing telegraphic.
Broadcasts on 518 kHz in English.
490 kHz, 4209⋅5 kHz in national language.

Types of messages:
Navigational warning.
Meteorological warning.
Ice reports.
Search and rescue information.
Meteorological forecasts.
Pilot service messages.

COSPAS-SARSAT

Sarsat meaning Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking.
Cospas is a Russian word, meaning “Space System for the Search of Vessels in Distress.”

Frequency: 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.
Local mode: 121.5 MHz
Global coverage mode: 406 MHz.

First, radio beacon send signal to satellite.
Then, Satellite send signal to LUT.
LUT process the signal and determine the radio beacon position.
LUT relay alert to MCC mission coordination center.
MCC relay alert to another MCC or RCC
RCC rescue coordination center.

Local user terminal LUT
Computer based hardware system.
Satellite send signal to LUT.
LUT process the signal and determine the radio beacon position.
LUT relay alert to MCC mission coordination center.
Frequency: 121.5 MHz and 406 MHz.
Local mode: 121.5 MHz
Global coverage mode: 406 MHz.

Two main components: terrestrial components and orbital components.

Terrestrial components:
EPIRB (maritime)
Personal locator beacon PLB (land)
ELT (emergency locator transmitter) Aircraft

Orbital components:
LEOSAR Low-altitude Earth Orbit.
GEOSAR Geostationary Earth Orbit.
LEOSAR
Scan the entire surface of the Earth.
GEOSAR
Located at 36000 km above the Equator.
Between 70 degree North and 70 degree South.

Difference between gyro and magnetic compass

Gyro Compass:
Reference point is true north.
It requires constant power supply.
Can be connected with large amount of equipments which require compass feeding.
Errors: high or low.
Equipment errors – wondering
error, permanent error, latitude
error, speed error.
It can be used near the earth’s magnetic poles.

Magnetic Compass:
Reference point is magnetic north.
It does not require constant power supply.
It is not possible to feed magnetic compass to any number of equipments.
Errors: deviation and variation.
Equipment errors – deviation and variation.
It can not be used near the earth’s magnetic poles.
At higher latitude, magnetic compass becomes inaccurate.